I have no sources on hand about USSR, but from what I recall, after the revolution they struck down a bunch of old Tsar-era laws which happened to include anti-homosexuality laws. So, it was not really done with homosexual rights in mind exactly. And then it was recriminalized, due to a common attitude of homosexuality being associated either with pedophilia and/or with the bourgeoisie. Meanwhile during the Red Scare in the U.S., gays were specifically investigated because they were seen as more likely to be communist (and were also accused of pedophilia)…I’d say my first impression is that it seems like homophobia was just the prevailing attitude of the time and people would associate homosexuality with whatever they were opposing, probably in some cases mistakenly and in some cases opportunistically.

Regarding present-day China:

Here is a video from 2019, Homosexuality in China. The lady in this channel is a member of the Communist Party of China and the guy is her husband who has studied Chinese philosophy. They speak in Spanish but there are English subs. They have another video from 2021: Does China Ban the LGBT movement?

Here are some quotes from them I have pulled and shortened from the transcript of “Homosexuality in China”:

Although Chinese society […] can manifest a fairly high degree of acceptance of homosexuality, many parents are terrified of the idea that their son or daughter is homosexual, and this has a lot to do with the traditional mindset. In other videos we have used to say that in China religion is the family, and not having children when nothing prevents it is one of the worst sins in Confucian ethics.

However, perhaps also due to the lesser influence of the salvation religions, especially Christianity and Islam, same-sex relationships enjoyed a fairly high permissiveness from ancient times to the last dynasty of the empire, although, as we have been saying, that did not imply that it was allowed in same-sex marriages. In China we know that now gay couples from other countries can adopt or have children in different ways, but, although many Chinese respect those decisions, as we have said before they would not accept them for their own children.

[There were] some sex education books that were published in 2011 under the seal of the Peking Normal University and with the approval of the authorities, which read things like: “Homosexuality and heterosexuality are types of sexual orientation and enjoy the same human rights, so homosexuals must not be discriminated against.” And he continues: “All people regardless of their sexual orientation have the right to choose to be parents, In some countries same-sex marriage is legal, as in the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Canada, South Africa, etc. while in our country, at this time, homosexuals are still not allowed to legalize their marriage.”

The sex ed textbook they mention caused an online controversy when it began being used (protests from parents), but they say that a government newspaper came out in defense of the textbooks: “And this is when a second significant gesture by the government took place when the Huánqiú Shíbào newspaper (also known as the ‘global times’), an important medium of the Chinese state press, He got involved in the controversy to defend the content of the books.”

And here is some truncated quotes from “Does China Ban LGBT movements?”

Young people care less and less about having children and that the family moves on, but for a VERY important part of the population it is not like that. And if you have not had children, it is as if you have not complied with one of the most fundamental moral standards. At the same time when you talk about these issues or read the comments of the Internet users, you see that many times the issue of the decrease in the birth rate is mixed. Part of the audience thinks: Now is not the best time to talk about other identities or sexual orientations, because we have to find a way to have more children so as not to end into a society no so aged. That is why we insist so much that here too the hitches to the LGTB movements are often based on the traditional notions of family, kinship and descent.

They then talk about the textbook controversy again, and they explain that some LGBT WeChat groups were removed. To explain these things, they describe that there are some vocal anti-LGBT and anti-feminists online who lodge such complaints that lead to these kind of results:

Not long ago, in the video about the closure of radical feminist forums, we told you about certain groups of Internet users who were dedicated to denouncing them and who claimed the “feat” of having removed it from some platforms. And it is very likely that the same was happening with LGBT college groups.

They also describe that there are some anti-LGBT celebrities and there may be anti-LGBT people in the Party as well. They then say that there are also LGBT celebrities, using a transgender celebrity as an example. They also describe that in China there is an overall conservative attitude toward sex in media and that when these two vloggers themselves were younger, public displays of affection between all couples of all sexualities was discouraged in public universities (which they note, was an unpopular policy). They then speculate that the WeChat LGBT groups that got closed, seemingly by the government, may have had some influence from U.S. agents in them, which may be the reason they were closed, as other LGBT WeChat groups continue to exist.

They conclude this video by saying:

In China there are already platforms that actively defend the rights of people with different identities and sexual orientations, and it is most likely that there will be progress towards LGBT organizations WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS. I believe that progress will be made in this regard, but taking great care that this does not imply promoting the political or cultural agendas of other powers.

Generally, they describe a situation where LGBT people are not violently antagonized, but also do not enjoy the rights of marriage and adoption. There are socially conservative attitudes that they attribute mainly to Confucianism. So, they say that although there may be basic tolerance of homosexuality as a concept, the idea of a more serious and committed homosexual relationship (such as marriage) may face more rejection from one’s relatives due to the traditional cultural values, but note that these values aren’t hostile to the concept of LGBT, either.

They describe that LGBT people will often feel physically safe in China (i.e., safe from being attacked) but might face these kinds of social rejections when pursuing marriage and adoption. They also say that most LGBT people in China tend to have a hard time coming out of the closet due to these kind of family social pressures and often end up in situations where a gay guy and a lesbian will marry each other so that they can then legally adopt children and raise those children with their actual partners.

Please take this last bit with a grain of salt as it is just my personal observations. I have lived and travelled in a few Asian countries but I am not from Asia originally. I would say this description of the situation in China is pretty similar to what I have read/encountered in other East Asian countries in general in terms of the cultural attitude toward LGBT rights around the region. That is, people are not usually violently homophobic, but people on the socially conservative side tend to regard LGBT as something foreign, and/or something less serious or valid than heterosexual relationships. This is reflected by a typical legal situation of homosexuality being legal and trans healthcare being available, but gay marriage/adoption remaining illegal. I have also noticed a general socially conservative attitude (relative to the attitude I see in the U.S.) about sex in general, regardless of orientation, considering sex and sexuality to be a private matter. And, as you may expect, there are also supportive and pro-LGBT people around, too. Also, it should be noted that the Western expressions of LGBT identities and culture does not always match the local expressions of LGBT identities and culture which have their own characteristics, but also may be influenced by the Western LGBT movement(s) in some regards, too.

If you are interested, I made a post about LGBT rights in Vietnam a while ago: https://lemmygrad.ml/post/303794/comment/242153

If anyone has more knowledge than me on any of this or sees any mistakes or misconceptions perpetuated in what I have written here, I welcome your corrections.